You don't need adb at all to flash a new ROM.
1. Remove your external SD card if you have.
2. Charge the battery fully up.
3. Flash a ROM using Odin or Heimdall.
You will have to use the 3 button combo!!
Thank you for your reply, however my problem goes beyond just flashing to fix it. I have tried flashing multiple roms and still get the same error. Somehow the mount point for my internal sd card have become corrupted, so even if I do flash a new ROM I continue to get the following error message:
"E:Can't mount /dev/block/mmcblk0p1 (or /dev/block/mmcblk0) (No such file or directory) E: Can't mount SDCARD:"
After a
bit LOT of research I have figured out how I would remount the SD without being able to remove the hardware as it is inside the phone. The command above that I asked someone to run will list the values for the nodes and # of blocks that I should use to remount the card, which I have been unable to find through google.
at that point I should be able to use the 'mknod' command to remake the block device files and mount the sd card to those, but the phone won't register them without the correct nodes and number of blocks.
Hope that explains it

If nothing else I'm learning a lot of linux commands and can hopefully be of assistance when other people have problems along these lines.
tl;dr - Flashing is unfortunately not working, I'd still like to see the output of
adb shell cat /proc/partitions
from a working phone just to see if it helps me! Thanks a lot guys/gals.
edits: grammar & details